Force falls off with the gap, and the gap is invisible
Two facts, and the second is the one nobody measures. A magnetic door stop is a permanent magnet and a plain steel plate, and the force between them collapses as they separate. On a small neodymium stop it is roughly three kilograms at half a millimetre, about one kilogram at two millimetres, a quarter of that at four, and effectively nothing by eight. It is not a gentle slope. That is why a stop can feel as though it is touching — you can even see the two faces apparently together — and still let the door swing.
The second fact is what makes this page short. The stop does not hold the door; it parks it at an angle. The magnet only ever has to beat the small component of the door's weight trying to swing it, so almost any intact magnet is strong enough. What decides where the door stops, and whether it can reach the magnet at all, is geometry: how far the magnet sits from the hinge, and how high its face sits above the plate. Ask yourself which of those three is a strength problem, and the answer is almost always none of them.
So the test is a measurement, not a judgement. Stack business cards — about 0.3 mm each — under the magnet's face until the stack just touches the plate, and count them. Three cards is a millimetre. Ten is three millimetres, which is already marginal. If you can get fifteen in, you have found the fault and it is not the magnet. Then, with a tape, measure from the centre of the hinge to the centre of the magnet: it should be between two thirds and three quarters of the door's width. Closer and the arm is short so the same force gives less turning resistance; further and the door runs out of swing before it reaches the magnet.
Three faults, three measurements
A visible gap you can slide cards into is the commonest and the cheapest. Floor-mounted stops usually have two or three millimetres of adjustment — a threaded body, a locknut, or a stack of shims under the base. Wind it up until the faces just kiss with the door at rest against it, then lock it. If the magnet is already as high as it goes, the plate on the door can usually be lowered by slotting its screw holes. Do not shim the magnet so high that the door has to be lifted over it.
The door stops in the wrong place, or hits the wall first is position, and more force cannot fix it. Swing the door slowly by hand and find the angle you actually want it to hold at — usually a little short of the wall, so the handle clears. Mark that point on the floor with chalk, with the door held there, then check the arm: two thirds to three quarters of the door width. Move the magnet to the mark, drill fresh holes rather than reusing slotted ones, and plug them properly.
The gap is tiny and it still lets go is the one case where a part is involved, and there is a five-second test that separates the two halves of it. Touch a steel paperclip to the magnet's face: if it snaps on and hangs, the magnet is fine and the plate is the problem — rust, paint, or a stainless plate that was never magnetic. If the clip will not stick, the magnet has lost its strength, usually from being dropped or from heat, and only then do you buy a magnet.